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What’s So Great About Efficiency? Value It Less, Live Better

efficiency efficient productivity mongolian navy humanity journey not destination climate change mining

Governments and businesses fetishise ‘efficiency’ and ‘productivity’, but our daily lives are enriched by inefficient human interaction. Might prioritising the journey over the destination help shorten our path to a sustainable future?

This article pauses to sniff the flowers, engage strangers in idle chat and enjoy the view, instead of rushing headlong to tick off our next task.

By SternWriter (Robert Stern, See Through Newsletter Editor)

Administrative Efficiency in the capital of Mongolia, 2000

In 2000, idly sitting on a bench in Northern Mongolia while making my first documentary The Mongolian Navy: all at sea, I was struck by the downsides of efficiency.

A few days earlier, my wife and 2-year-old daughter had flown from our Beijing home to the capital Ulaan Baatar to extend our Chinese visas.

We could have paid an express fee and returned the next day, but had instead extended our stay into a family holiday. 

I’d also packed my recently-acquired second-hand Sony VX1000, one of the first broadcast-quality handycams. I’d recently quit my producer/reporter job at CNN Beijing, and was hoping a career switch to documentary might give me more time with my family.

This Mongolian jaunt was a grand opportunity to find out just how different producing, directing, filming and editing a half-hour documentary solo was from producing a 20-minute TV news report with a full crew.

Paperwork completed, I started doing a bit of documentary producing.

First rule of producing – delegate to experts wherever possible. A journalist friend had given me the name of a Mongolian ex-colleague, Lutaa. As promised, Lutaa proved to be a real pro.

Over a beer, Lutaa talked me through all the strings he’d pulled, contacts he’d tapped up and favours he’d called in to tick off the wish-list I’d presented him with when he’d met us at the airport a few hours earlier. 

  • untickedSort visas
  • untickedLocate Ganbaatar, and get him to agree to participate
  • untickedGet permission to film Ganbaatar at his ministry office
  • untickedFind translator/fixer for trip north (Lutaa was busy)
  • untickedBook Khatgal return flights for family, Ganbaatar and translator
  • untickedArrange flight back to Beijing in 10 days time

Lutaa ticked them all off in a day.

His efficiency seemed to me to be largely based on literally knowing everyone.

But as Lutaa explained to me, in a country of a couple of million people many of whom were still nomadic herders, almost everyone did know everyone.

Logistics Efficiency in Northern Mongolia, 2000

It was time to discover if Mongolia really did have a navy. 

We waved Lutaa goodbye, and stepped onto a Soviet-era propeller plane to fly us 900 kilometres north to Khatgal, on the southern shore of Lake Huvsgul.

Lutaa had assured me Khatgal was where the good tug Suhkbaatar and her three barges, which made up the fleet of the world’s most landlocked country, were moored.

Sitting next to me and my family were two additions to our entourage. 

  • Our translator Magnai, an enthusiastic university graduate with fluent American-accented English and zero TV experience. He was stoked to be visiting Northern Mongolia for the first time. 
  • Ganbaatar, the government official with a central role in my documentary. He’d grown up grazing his family’s livestock around the grasslands near Lake Huvsgul.

Magnai and Ganbaatar joined us in peering from the windows as our plane descended to the town beside Mongolia’s ‘Dark Blue Pearl’, and the world’s 14th-largest freshwater body of water, Lake Huvsgul.

As the grassland rushed towards us, I kept waiting for a concrete landing strip to appear, but then the plane simply landed. Why not?, I thought. Why pour concrete when your whole country is basically one huge airstrip? 

Very efficient.

As we were picking our luggage out from the heap the pilot had left by the plane, Ganbaatar, who’se entire ‘d only brought a slim leather briefcase he’d carried on his lap, spotted someone he knew. After a warm embrace and effusive greetings, Ganbaatar’s friend beckoned us into his jeep, and drove us to his home, a rickety wooden structure not far from the lake. 

Magnai did his best to keep up with the translation. I told him not to bother with a blow-by-blow, and just see how things panned out. It felt like things were going fine. 

Ganbaatar’s friend introduced us to his wife, children, mother and other family members. He toasted us with airag (fermented mare’s milk) home-brew, his younger children offered home-made yak cheese nibbles, we were invited to introduce ourselves, and in turn our new host told us about his family and livestock. I can’t remember the exact number of horses he had, but it was something like a dozen for each member of his large family. Magnai looked impressed, as he translated our host’s quadruped inventory of horses, yaks, sheep and goats.

Amidst all the smiling and toasting, Ganbaatar and Magnai had somehow secured us lodgings for our stay. Our host sent his teenage children out to throw up a ger (yurt) for us by the lake. It was fascinating. I still have time-lapse footage of them assembling it.

When I asked, via Magnai, where I could re-charge my camera batteries, our jovial host showed me a nearby shed with power sockets. I asked if it was secure enough to leave my equipment there overnight, but they didn’t seem to understand the question.

I thought it might be because it was obvious the batteries were useless without the camera, but over the next few days I revised my cynical assumption. In a society as tight-knit as Mongolia’s, in a community as remote as Khatgal’s, there are few secrets. A thief would be instantly detected.

I’d been amazed, for example, that even though Magnai had never been within 500 kilometres of Khatgal, everyone he met seemed to greet him as an old friend. When I shared my amazement with Magnai, he told me he’s used to it. A couple of years ago he’d won a talent show on national TV, and his song had topped Mongolia’s charts for weeks. We just happened to have picked a well-known pop star for our translator.

Around the same time we realised why everyone was so particularly taken by our daughter Anita. It wasn’t just that she was a cute 2-year-old, she also shared a name with Mongolia’s top brand of soap.

Power Efficiency in Northern Mongolia, 2000

The next few days were the local Naadam summer festival. With my camera, we joined the crowds cheering on the participants in Mongolia’s traditional Eriin Gurvan Naadam, or ‘three manly sports’.

I filmed 8-year-old jockeys competing in 20km bareback races, wrestlers performing ritual eagle dances before grappling each other to the grass, and archers displaying the horseback skills Genghis Khan used to conquer Asia. There’s a couple of minutes of such scenes in The Mongolian Navy: all at sea. 

Observant film critics might note the Naadam sequences don’t add much to the narrative. True. I crowbarred them in just because they were such fun.

Every frame demonstrated the strength of community there. Nomadic families travelled for days on horseback to attend their biggest annual social event. When they weren’t cheering on their favourite horses, wrestlers and archers, the locals were feasting, drinking, swapping yarns, bartering, courting, betrothing… 

Apart from the odd jeep, us exotic visitors, and my VX1000, the scenes could have been from any time in the past few centuries.

There were some modern additions. We attended an evening dance event at Kahtgal’s municipal hall, the highlight of which was a power cut. 

Before the lights went out, a phalanx of nervous young men, dressed in their finest robes, had their backs to one side of the hall, nervously admiring the shy young women. The young women, also in their finest, formed a distant wallflower phalanx along the opposite wall.

Separated by dance floor occupied only by an unself-conscious 2-year-old foreign girl named after a soap, both phalanxes shuffled with their friends to pop songs played from a big ghetto-blaster. Maybe they played Magnai’s hit, who knows, but suddenly everything shut down when the power cut out…

By the time the lights came back on, and the ghetto-blaster resumed its disco beat, there were couples canoodling everywhere.

At the time, I speculated the powercut may have been part of the event, with everyone except us knowing the lights would conveniently ‘fail’ at the usual time in proceedings.

Very inefficient.

A couple of days later, getting ready to shoot the navy now Nadaam was over, I realised my speculation was wrong. 

I had a busy couple of days shooting the key scenes on the good tug Suhkbaatar coming up, now the sailors were back at work. To my dismay, my spare batteries hadn’t charged overnight.

Magnai’s enquiries revealed that Khatgal, a town of 2,000, had only had power for the few days the festival was on, as a seasonal gesture of goodwill.

Now Naadam was over, the power company had turned the juice off again because Khatgal still hadn’t paid its bills. 

This stand-off was a consequence of Mongolia’s privatisation of its energy market, following the 1991 fall of the Communist regime. 

The power company had sent out bills without first investing in installing meters in every home. They’d taken an average of Khatgal’s total consumption, divided it by the number of households, and invoiced everyone their share. 

The good folk of Khatgal had said they wouldn’t pay until they were being billed for the actual power they’d consumed. 

No one had mentioned this issue up to this point. Nobody seemed particularly bothered. Who needs electricity, when you have yak-dung fires, oil-lamps, and horsepower?

I managed to charge my batteries in the end. It involved borrowing a couple of horses, riding them to find the guy at one end of town who someone thought had a generator, then to the other side of town to find the guy someone else said usually had some diesel, agreeing a price, and assembling the two components in the shed with the useless power sockets.

I told our host, his neighbours, and any curious onlookers, they were welcome to avail themselves of the electricity as I only needed a tiny amount, but no one could think of any use they could put it to. Firing up a generator to charge a couple of small camera batteries wasn’t very efficient, but it seemed like the only viable solution.

What with having a drink, nibble and chat with everyone involved, via translation, it took most of the day.

But what a day.

Telecom Efficiency in Northern Mongolia, 2000

The day before we were due to fly back to Ulaan Baatar to pick up our visas and return to Beijing, I found myself sitting on that bench, camera bag on my lap.

The bench was outside the Khatgal telephone exchange.

A couple of hours before, I’d handed a scrap of paper with the phone number of the national airline’s Ulaan Baatar office through a little hatch.

The telephone operator in a blue uniform had fastidiously smoothed it out, added it to her neatly hand-written list of numbers to connect, smiled at me, and politely indicated the bench with the other waiting customers. She was the only staff member there.

I was there to reconfirm my family’s flight home. After what I’d learned about the power utilities, it seemed prudent.

At the start of Part 4, How Mongolian Communism’s Death Killed Its Navy, you can see my view from the bench, as I killed time by taking a few shots of passing locals on horseback. 

2’15 in, you can see the telephone operator herself. I killed some more time by filming her doing her job. She was thrilled, and went about her job with particular verve when the camera was running.

You can see her hand-cranking some kind of transmitter – I couldn’t tell you if it was necessary, or just for show. She nimbly plugged and unplugged cables into the wooden switchboard as she relayed instructions to other similar operators. She literally plugged her way through her list, her bakelite handset, repaired with transparent sticky tape, at her ear, as the wall clock tick-tocked away the minutes.

It took three or four hours to place the call, and I could see why. Getting through to the airline office in the capital required my nimble-fingered film star to patch the call through a chain of two or three other operators. Presumably, each of them were plugging and unplugging cabled into their own wooden switchboards, bakelite handset to their ears as their wall clocks tick-tocked away the minutes.

The call didn’t help much in the end. When my turn finally came to enter the wooden booth with the receiver, my distant interlocutor didn’t speak much English or Chinese, and was mainly inaudible. 

I bellowed the flight details a few times, in the hope it was getting through, but the call was cut off before I got any definitive confirmation. 

By then, I’d spent a memorable few hours sitting on the bench, watching the world go by, filming the equipment I’d only seen in black-and-white movies, having pantomime conversations with my fellow bench-warmers, all of whom enjoyed the joke about naming my daughter after a popular toiletry. 

But mainly just lost in my own thoughts. 

As my mind wandered, I came up with a thought experiment. What if, I speculated, I’d brought a satellite phone with me. 

I could have set up a little table at the entrance to the telephone exchange, and offered everyone who came along the option of paying me to make their call immediately.

The difference between what they were prepared to pay for my instant communication, and the time it took my blue-uniformed friend, would literally put a price on efficiency. 

If the smiling switchboard operator charged a dollar and took an hour, and they were prepared to pay two dollars for my satellite phone, they’d literally be pricing an hour of their time at one dollar. If I’d asked for three dollars and found no takers, I’d have overvalued the productivity gain I was offering. Had I charged a dollar fifty, I’d have undervalued it.

I’m glad I didn’t have a satellite phone. If I did, I’d never have had that experience. I suspect I’m not the only one who found it a memorable afternoon.

The switchboard operator may still be telling her grandkids about the day the foreigner filmed her for a Hollywood movie. My bench-warming acquaintances’ children might be passing on to their own incredulous children the story about the foreigners who named their girl after a bar of soap 

A satellite phone would have been way more efficient, and spared me spending most of a day making a pointless call.

But what a day.

Aviation Efficiency in Northern Mongolia, 2000

It turned out that a confirmation from the airline wouldn’t have made any difference.

The next morning, when we showed up with the other passengers at the same area of grassland where we’d landed, at the time indicated on our tickets, there was no plane waiting. 

A period of relaxed rumour-mongering and note-swapping ensued. Ganbaatar popped off, and returned in a jeep with our jovial host. Magnai reported a consensus had emerged that the plane probably wasn’t going to land at Khatgal today. It seemed quite likely, however, that it would instead fly from the airstrip at the town of Moron (settle down at the back there, it’s pronounced more like ‘Maroon’), some time soonish.

The knot of passengers gradually unravelled. Some headed home to await the next time the plane landed in Khatgal, whenever that might be. 

The rest of us crammed into Soviet-era jeeps for a bone-shaking 100km drive across the unpaved grassland in the hope of catching the plane at Moron.

I sat next to Ganbaatar, Mongolia’s only qualified deep-sea navigator (if you want the full story, it’s told in the first series of the See Through Prod-cast The Truth Lies In Bedtime Stories, The Story of Ganbaatar).

I knew that Ganbaatar, after finishing his filming with us, had headed off into the mountains with some old chums. Via Magnai, bouncing along in the front seat, I asked how it had gone.

Ganbaatar answered by clicking open the leather briefcase on his lap and showing me a wolf’s paw, still encrusted with blood.

He and his friends had gone wolf-hunting, and kept a foot each. Ganbaatar was returning to his government ministry job with a souvenir to show his colleagues.

A few hours later, we reached Moron, joining a knot of passengers gathering at the area of grassland where the plane usually landed. We recognised some from the Khatgal knot, but there were also others.

By this time, I knew better than to ask whether the plane, if it arrived, would be able to seat everyone. The airline clearly had no way of knowing how many passengers were hoping to board it, so we’d all just have to wait and see. No one seemed particularly bothered at not getting a seat on the next plane. Maybe there’d be another one tomorrow. We were all passing the time pleasantly enought, anyway:

  • I chatted a bit, via Magnai, with Ganbaatar, who shared a few tips on hunting wolves. Time passed.
  • I chatted a bit to Magani about Mongolia’s pop industry. Time passed.
  • My wife, daughter and I engaged in some more good-natured soap-based pantomime with our fellow-would-be-passengers. Time passed
  • Everyone shared food and drink – beers, yak jerky, chunks of hard goat cheese – as we waited to see if the plane would actually land at Moron today. Time passed.

Eventually, the plane arrived, and there’s not much more to report of any interest. 

From the time we’d arrived with our luggage at Khatgal, to the time the plane landed in Ulaan Baatar, had pretty much taken all day.

But what a day.

The price of efficiency 

What’s the point of sharing these holiday snaps from a quarter of a century ago? 

It’s all very well for a foreign filmmaker to spend a family holiday making a quirky little documentary about charming exotic natives, you might say. It was summer, festival time, everyone was happy, but I didn’t have to scrape a living there on a few dollars a month, live through the bitterly cold winters in a felt ger, long horse rides from the nearest school or clinic, with no running water or electricity.

Living without efficient administration, power, telecoms, aviation infrastructure isn’t charming, it’s harsh. It’s exactly what ranks you low on any deprivation index.

Modernisation, by contraast, brings remote countries like Mongolia into the streamlined, efficient supply chains of the global economy. Foreign investment brings wealth, rising living standards, and a better quality of life.

All true, but does that tell the whole story? Does it even tell the most important story?

Let’s examine the changes the past quarter century has brought to Mongolia.

Like my thought experiment with the satellite phone, let’s try putting a price on efficiency.

Industry

As well as animal-derived products like cashmere and wool, Mongolia now exports significant quantities of coal, copper, gold, and oil.

It’s also become a major source of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) like lithium, dysprosium (among the most valuable), neodymium, praseodymium, and terbium. 

These REEs are all critical in the manufacturing process of batteries and hi-tech electronic goods.

Mongolia is also the world’s number two producer of fluorspar, after China.

Fluorspar (or fluorite), once known only to jewelers, is now a key raw material for critical industrial chemicals. Fluorspar can be used as a flux for steel and aluminium smelting, and to produce hydrofluoric acid for refrigerants, Teflon, pharmaceuticals and lithium-ion batteries.

Most of these mines are majority foreign-owned. Most of the value is added outside Mongolia. 

Very efficient.

Agriculture 

For Mongolia’s nomads, the benefits of industrialization to Mongolia are offset by the downsides of accelerating greenhouse gas emissions. 

Mongolia’s geography means its air temperatures have risen at double the global average, so the impacts hit Mongolian herders much harder and faster than elsewhere. 

The nomadic life is quickly disappearing, as dzuds become more frequent. A dzud is a severe natural disaster unique to Mongolia, which human-induced climate change is making more frequent.

Intense summer droughts, followed by an extreme, bitterly cold winter with heavy snow and sheet ice, ices up the steppe. This prevents livestock from reaching the grass, causing millions of animals to starve or freeze to death. 

Very efficient.

Culture

In losing their livestock, Mongolians lose the bedrock of their Mongolian culture and identity.

Very efficient.

Urbanisation

Their livestock gone, Mongolia’s nomads are abandoning the steppe to converge on the capital, in search of survival. 

Ulaan Baatar is now surrounded by ger ghettos, heated by coal briquettes. Not just the world’s coldest capital, Ulaan Baatar has become the capital that’s home to highest percentage of its total population (60%).

UN research reckons city-dwellers have the lowest per-capita emissions.  But Ulaan Baatar’s ger-ghettos are more like suburbs, which have the highest per-capital emissions. 

Very efficient.

Environment

Mongolia’s extremes of hot and cold made it a fragile ecosystem to start with, but modernisation, on top of climate change, is wreaking havoc. 

In the grand scheme of things, should we really mourn the loss of the Huvsgul grayling, (Thymallus nigrescens), indigenous to the lake that’s home to the good tug Sukhbaatar?

Endemic to Lake Huvsgul, it turns a particularly spectacular opalescent blue during spawning season, and is one of 10 fish species found in the ‘Dark Blue Pearl’.

The reasons for the Huvsgul grayling’s rapid drop in numbers – overfishing, spawning grounds drying up, soil erosion from overgrazing, bigger storms, a rise in eco-tourism – impact the entire ecosystem. 

Very efficient.

Pollution 

Huge open cast mines bring industrial pollution, which amplify and aggravate the impact of climate change. 

Even a country as vast and unpopulated as Mongolia has a waste problem. Foreign investors are happy to spend on mining equipment, less keen to clear up the mess.

The endless pristine blue skies of the steppe are no longer the reality for most Mongolians. Instead, they’re struggling to breathe. Winter air pollution levels have rocketed to 27 times the level the World Health Organization considers ‘safe’. 

Desertification, urbanization, more traffic, coal burnt for heat, have combined to create a rapid rise in respiratory and other health problems. 

Mongolians who once stepped out into a vast wilderness now choke in their gers, huddled around the capital for handouts.

Very efficient.

Feeling ambushed?

Apologies if you’re feeling ambushed.

I’m not trying to guilt-trip you for your profligate, carbon-burning lifestyle choices. I’m actually  trying to accentuate the positive.

By contrasting my dream-like trip to Mongolia more than a quarter of a century ago with the world I’m bequeathing to soap-star Anita (now approaching the age I was on that trip) and her younger sister, also in her 20s, I’m not encouraging us to give up.

Neither am I offering false hope. 

I’m reflecting on what makes our daily lives meaningful, joyful, memorable and fun, and what does the opposite. 

The value of inefficiency

‘Efficiency’ is a good lens, because it’s usually invisible to us.

We’re so gaslit into accepting ‘efficiency’ as inherently and unambiguously good, we barely consider its cost. 

Still less do we think of quantifying that cost, or balancing it against the benefits we’re told efficiency will bring. 

How often, having appreciated something is more efficient, do we choose to reject it?

Consider the experiences I had over a few days in Mongolia in 2000. 

Why do I value those spectacular inefficiencies in power, telecoms and aviation more highly with every passing year? 

Why is it that my few days in Mongolia are so rich in human interactions, surprising outcomes, and yarns, they’ll keep me going well into my anecdotage?

Thanks to my VX1000 you can now share some of those memories vicariously via YouTube, but most of the stories I told in this article I didn’t film, and none appeared in the edit of The Mongolian Navy: all at sea. 

Charging my camera batteries was, at the time, a serious production challenge, amusingly resolved. But the day I ‘wasted’ in search of electricity for a little camera has become a much more treasured memory than finding my supposed quest, the sailors of the good tug Suhkbaatar.

That’s because all these glitches, screw-ups, snags and pickles formed my journey, not my destination. 

At the time they seemed like trivial incidents obstructing my goal of making my first documentary. They were so clearly everyday occurrences for Mongolians, none strike me as lifelong memories at the time. No one ever puts ‘spend a day waiting for a pointless phone call’ on their bucket lists.

Very inefficient.

Hi, I’m Simiae sociales. You too? Pleased to meet you.

The more time passes, the greater the value we place on such non-bucket-list experiences.

We only live once, so far as we know. We’re social apes ‘Simiae sociales’. 

Not all family holidays involve a quest to find the Mongolian Navy, but any day can bring unexpected pleasures if we keep our eyes and hearts open to human interactions, and seek community. 

Imagine your obituary listing your lifetime achievements as: 

  • improved department’s productivity 33% by downsizing staff
  • reduced commute time by 12 minutes by excluding neighbour from carshare
  • cut headcount by 50% through early adoption of LLMs

Does that sound like a life well lived?

The stories our friends and family will remember us telling, and pass on, are more likely to be ones involving:

  • when you benefitted from the unexpected kindness of strangers, not when you owned that dipshit on Instagram
  • when you welcomed outsiders into your community, home and heart, not when you evicted those tenants who missed rent after they were made redundant
  • happy accidents involving serendipity, chance, and happenstance, not when that itinerary you planned months in advance went exactly to plan

So why are we so supine in allowing such experiences to be crowded out of our lives in the pursuit of efficiency? Badge anything as ‘efficient’, and we wave it through without a risk/reward analysis:

  • Self-checkouts at supermarkets mean no speaking to anyone when you shop
  • Self-driving cars and TripAdvisor mean no friendly taxi drivers recommending local pubs and bars
  • Wall-to-wall after-school activities leave no time for children to get bored and create their own entertainment
  • AI ‘boosting productivity’ turns us into thumb-twiddlers or relegates us to robot-polishers
  • ‘Safe spaces’ mean never risking being challenged or stretched by new experiences

Rebrand ‘stress’ as ‘adventure’, or ‘risk’ as ‘opportunity’, and we might enjoy life more.

Bring Back the Real Ned Ludd

If I’m sounding like a Luddite, that’s because I am.

But I’m a real Luddite. 

The tech bros should try Googling it. They use the term as a term of abuse for anyone who stands in the way of their ‘efficient’ technology. If you think that’s what a Luddite is, you’ve been gaslit again.  

Our Silicon Valley Overlords are quick to squeal ‘Luddite’ at anyone meekly hinting that maybe we should:

  • tread a bit cautiously on AI
  • put some safeguards in place
  • consider the social cost of replacing us all with robots before racing ahead just because we can, and damn the environmental cost.

If the tech bros and their boosters spent a couple of minutes researching the actual Luddites – or listened to entertaining podcasts on the subject – they’d discover the Luddites were definitively not reflexive anti-technologists.  

They accepted the inevitability of the automation of their hard-won artisan skills, but wanted a negotiated transition to minimise, and mitigate, the pain of transition.

For the weavers and knitters who smashed up looms and frames under the banner of the fictional ‘General Ned Ludd’ 1811-12,  violence was their last resort. They were desperate working people completely dependent on their wages.

Factory bosses had rebuffed or ignored all their attempts to negotiate the gradual introduction of new technology to preserve some human dignity, and feed their families. Action was their only alternative to destitution.

The grasping textile barons:

  • cared only for short-term profit
  • were emboldened to act with impunity because of their wealth and friends in high places
  • unquestioningly fetishised ‘efficiency’ and ‘productivity’ above all else

Sound familiar?

It suits Big Oil, Silicon Valley Overlords and data centre hyperscalers to cast us ‘Luddites’ as doomed peasants, burdened with obsolete skills, who refuse to retire gracefully to the scrapheap, or re-train as robot-polishers. 

They’re talking about us. 

As we struggle to comprehend the consequences of our headlong rush towards maximising efficiency, we face a similar predicament to the followers of General Ned Ludd.

What actions are left to us, short of loom-smashing (prediction: one human job that will see an uptick from AI is data centre security)?

Loom-smashing didn’t work out for anyone in the long-run. The Luddites were hanged, the factory owners assets, and in some cases homes, were destroyed. The government ended up introducing some of the kind of modest, gradualist regulations the Luddites had been asking for all along.

What a waste.

How inefficient.

***

If you want to Speed Up Carbon Drawdown by Helping the Inactive Become Active, avoid loom-smashing, and join the dots to see the whole picture, visit www.seethroughgoether.org